MUSTAFA KAMAL
1. What was the attitude of the Turkish government towards the Allies after World War I?
Ans: The defeated Turkish government, headed by Sultan Mehmet, decided to continue the truce with the Allies and to cooperate with them. That is why it showed slavish attitude towards the Allies (British, France, Russia etc. who had fought against Germany, Turkey etc. and had defeated them). It was quite eager to cooperate with the Allies. Mehmet thought that it was in the best interest of Turkey. It became a puppet government in the hands of the Allies. This attitude of the government was not liked by the patriots. 2. Why was Mustafa Kamal sent to Anatolia?
Ans: Turkish military commander in eastern Anatolia (in Asian Turkey) refuse to accept defeat before Allies. The Sultan at Istanbol wanted to have peace with the Allies. He sent Mustafa Kamal as Governor General to Anatolia because the Padishah and Allies considered him capable to control the situation there. His assigned mission was to crush the Turk rebels who were fighting against the Allied forces.
3. What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the Allies to partition the Ottoman Empire?
Ans: The Turks were greatly infuriated when they came to know that their country was going to be divided. Men and women of all classes were enraged with the fire of patriotism. As a result, the people turned to a total revolt against the allies and the puppet Turkish governemt.
4. Who began to obstruct the Allies in Eastern Anatolia?
Ans: An Ottoman military man, Kiyazam Kerabakar who was the undefeated patriot, began to obstruct the Allies in Eastern Anatolia. He had some undisbanded remnants of Ottoman Army with him. They refused to surrender and were determined to fight against the Allies.
5. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s activities in Anatolia.
Ans: When Mustafa Kamal reached Anatolia, he met Ali Faut who was the corps commander of the patriotic army at Amisa. At the secret meeting of the patriots, he sketched out his plan to form the National Army against the Allies. Such meeting was straightaway against the wishes of the Turkish government and the Allies. He started touring the villages to prepare people for armed resistance to the Greek forces.
6. Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople?
Ans: King Mehmet IV came to know about Mustafa Kamal’s siding with the rebels and his activities to prepare the people for war against the Greeks. He did not want the Turks to fight against the Greeks or the other Allies. He did not want the patriots to have the strength under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal. That is why he ordered him to come back to Constantinople.
7. What was Mustafa Kamal’s reply?
Ans: Mustafa Kamal sent a long telegram to Mehmet. He asked him to come to Anatolia and lead the resistance against the Greeks and all the foreign enemies. He said, “I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its independence.” He made it clear to him that it would in the nation’s interest and also his last chance to save his throne
8. How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself?
Ans: Mehmet made a plan to regain Anatolia. He expressed his willingness to form a government pleasing to the Nationalists. Some patriots fell a prey to his intriguing plan. They were flattered by the promises and went to Istanbul to attend the meeting of National Assembly on 19th January 1920 .
9. Why did his plan fail?
Ans: Mustafa Kamal opposed Mehmet and gathered a large army. The Allied forces began to retreat. The patriots occupied the evacuated cities. The patriots, who went to the National Assembly, rejoined Mustafa Kamal. These were the causes of failure of Mehmet’s plan.
10. What were the terms offered to Turkey by the Allies?
Ans: The following were the terms of peace offered by the Allies:
1. The Ottoman Empire was to be entirely under the supervision of the Allied powers.
2. All the Arab provinces were to become mandated territories.
3. The whole of Anatolia was to be added to the state of Armenia.
4. Area around Izmir would be a Greek district.
5. The capital would remain under the control of Britain, France and Italy.
11. Give an account of Greek attack and its defeat.
Ans: The Greeks attacked Turkey on the 21st August 1921. The two nations fought man to man for fourteen days under the burning heat of sun. At last, the Greeks fled away from the battlefield. Mustafa Kamal entered Izmir as a victorious leader.
12. Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul.
Ans: Mehmet was brought out of the palace along with some luggage and placed in the car by a British officer. The sultan was on his way to exile. His kingdom was put to an end by the will of the people.
13. Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to (1) the position of women, (2) removal of illiteracy, (3) change in dresses, (4) adoption of the Roman script and (5) the industrial and economic development.
Ans: POSITION OF WOMEN: Mustafa Kamal emancipated women from the slavery of men. He urged women to work shoulder to shoulder with men. He abolished veil system among the women. He opened new schools and colleges to educate women.
REMOVAL OF ILLITERACY: Mustafa Kamal did the following reforms in the field of education. He urged all his subjects to learn. He opened new schools and colleges. He abolished the Arabic script and replaced it by the Roman script. He simplified the Turkish language. He removed all the Arabic and Persian words from it.
CHANGE IN DRESSES: He abolished the national head dress called the Fez. He replaced it with the hat. He abolished veil system among the women.
ADOPTION OF ROMAN SCRIPT: He abolished the Arabic script and replaced it with Roman script. It was a gigantic task but he went himself to the folks and taught them how to use the new script.
THE INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Mustafa did many things to improve the lot of the poor. He started a five-year plan. He inaugurated great development and construction scheme in the field of railways and motor roads. He set up new factories and mills. He organized the banking system.
14. Sum up in a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as a great nation-builder.
Ans: Mustafa Kamal was indeed a stupendous nation-builder. He got freedom for his nation in the teeth of powerful Allied forces and traitors. After this he made a numerous reforms in fields of education, linguistics, economy and society. We can say that he was a man of parts. He changed the defeated Turkish nation into a victorious and advanced oneFBISE, HSSC Notes, History, Turkey, FG Board Islamabad
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